Lipids: Fatty Acid and Amp

The estimation of parameters, for example, oil and fat substance help characterize item quality for some rural and food items. These qualities are generally used to decide vitality content and to compute the extents of other food parts. Likewise oil and fat substance essentially influence the surface, saw quality and the kind of items. (Whitney, Rolfes, Crowe, Cameron-Smith, and Walsh, 2011).An exact and exact quantitative and subjective investigation of lipids in food is significant for precise nourishing naming, assurance of wether food fulfills guideline character, and to guarantee that the item meets producing particulars (Nielsen, 2010). AOAC International (2007) state â€Å"the test groundwork for the lipid investigation relies upon the sort of food and the idea of the lipids in the food. â€Å" Several preliminary advances are normal in lipid examination. They act to help extraction by evacuation of water, decrease of molecule size, or detachment of the lipid from bound prot eins or sugars (Min &Ellefson, 2010).To dissect lipids it is important to initially segregate them quantitatively from nonlipid segments. Extraction of lipids from source materials, for example, food, creature and plant tissues or microorganisms paper essayist uk, ought to be done in a way that maintains a strategic distance from changes in the lipids or prompts developments of antiquities (Christie, 1993). It may be important to deactivate chemicals that may hydrolyse lipids by means of warmth treatment. (Vain, and Nairn, and Reid, 1991). Precautionary measure must be taken to limit oxidation of lipids, particularly those with polyunsaturated greasy acids.Use of cancer prevention agents may demonstrate useful when managing extractions of lipids with profoundly unsaturated fats (Carapace &Garcia, 2000). Carapace et al, (2000) express the exactness of direct dissolvable extraction techniques significantly relies upon the dissolvability of the lipids in the dissolvable utilize d and the capacity to isolate the lipids from edifices with different macromolecules. The lipid content in food controlled by extraction with one dissolvable might be very not the same as the substance decided with another dissolvable of various polarity.Fisheries and Aquaculture division (1986) presumed that dissolvable extraction methods are normally utilized for the assurance of fat substance. Anyway they will in general be moderate, bulky, and require exceptionally talented work force. What's more, a large number of the frequently risky synthetic concoctions utilized are getting progressively unsuitable as indicated by universal ecological measures. In spite of these issues, dissolvable extraction keeps on being utilized as a kind of perspective estimation for quality control. Nielsen (1994) recognized the legitimacy of the fat investigation of a food relies upon inspecting and the protection of the example before analysis.An perfect example ought to be as close as conceivable t o its natural properties to the material from which it was taken. Pomeranz and Meloan (1994) states â€Å" an example is viewed as agreeable if the properties under scrutiny compare to those of the mass material inside the constraints of the test. â€Å" Min and Ellefson (2010) note natural dissolvable techniques, which incorporate Goldfish a ceaseless strategy, Soxhlet as a semicontinuous strategy and Folch as a broken strategy are generally used to decide the all out lipid substance of food.They likewise note the significant employments of these strategies incorporate separating the fat before GC examination, quality control of defined items, assurance of fat substance in item advancement, checking when fat substance is <0. 5g per serving, so supplement content case can be made and defat tests preceding fiber investigation. The Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) as the standard strategy for rough fat investigation perceives Soxhlet. The basic procedure is that of fat e xtricated through continued washing, with a natural dissolvable under reflux in extraordinary glassware.Extraction efficiencies for various compound classes are profoundly subject to the properties of the applied solvents (Johnson &Barnett, 2003). In the Soxhlet extraction, typically dry material is exposed to semi-ceaseless extraction with hexane or oil ether (James, 1995). Under these conditions, the technique essentially decides the substance of triacylglycerols and has been accounted for to not entirely separate phospholipids in the examples (Luque de Castro and Garcia-Ayuso, 1998). At the point when a compound of low dissolvability, for example, a lipid should be separated from a strong blend, Soxhlet extraction can be conveyed out.This strategy for extraction is just required where the ideal compound has a restricted solvency in a dissolvable and the polluting influence is insoluble in that dissolvable. It permits the development of the dissolvable in the extraction chambe r for somewhere in the range of 5 and 20 minutes. It is utilized for oilseed, nutmeg and other food tests where the dampness content doesn't surpass 10%. The dissolvable encompasses the example and is then guided go into the bubbling jar. The system gives drenching impact and doesn't allow diverting (AOAC, 1995). AOAC (1995) further qualify this strategy might be utilized for measurement of lipids in both low fat and high fat source material.It principally expels non-polar lipids from tests, as polar lipids are commonly hardly dissolvable in non-polar solvents. In high dampness nourishments, predrying of the example might be fundamental. High temperatures may unfavorably influence the oxidative condition of lipids, predrying might be accomplished utilizing low temperature drying of the example under vacuum <100mm Hg at 40C to 50C short-term, or 95C to 100C for 5hour. AOAC (1995) report the most remarkable points of interest of the customary Soxhlet strategy as the example over an d again being carried into contact with the new segments of the dissolvable. Along these lines it is assisting with uprooting the exchange equilibrium.It further invigorates the temperature of the framework remains moderately high since the warmth applied to the refining flagon arrives at the extraction cavity. This outcomes in no filtration being required after the filtering step. (Russell, Matthews, and Gray, 1980) show further focal points. Test throughput can be expanded by synchronous extraction in equal, since the fundamental gear is modest. Besides there is minimal particular preparing and is non-lattice subordinate. Soxhlet extraction gives great lipid recuperation however is dull and unfeasible to use on a normal premise in industry (Schafer, 1998).Wei et al. (2008) closed from their examination precise quantitative assurance of oil content in oilseed assault assumes a significant job in assortments rearing for improving oil content in seeds. They noted, huge amount of oils eeds was required so as to get exactness and accuracy results by utilizing standard Soxhlet extraction technique, which might be an impairment in investigation of little, uncommon and valuable examples in plant reproducing. James (1995) diagrams detriments in utilizing this system as period of time required for extraction, and the way that polar and bound lipids are not removed.The most noteworthy downsides of utilizing Soxhlet extraction are the huge measure of dissolvable squandered, which isn't just costly to arrange off, yet would itself be able to cause extra ecological issues. Tests are presented to warm deterioration of the objective mixes, which additionally can't be disregarded when thermo labile analytes are included. Luque de Castro and Garcia-Ayuso, (1998) further portray disservices in this strategy when taking a gander at the numerous stages in the extraction procedure. These are inclined to administrator mistake, coming about in between lab variations.Soxhlet strategy is likewise confined to dissolvable selectivity and isn't handily mechanized Modification of the traditional Soxhlet extractor has been created to abbreviate the extraction time by utilizing helper vitality and mechanization, for instance, ultrasound-helped Soxhlet extraction and microwave-helped Soxhlet extraction (Virot, Tomao, Colnagui, Visinoni, and Chemat, 2007). Azeredo, Colnago, and Engelsberg, (2000) report on the differentiation in standard wet science strategies and different auxiliary procedures, for example, Gas Chromatography with low field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR).They finish up NMR gives a quick, direct and easy to use technique for assurance of the fat and oil content in food. They additionally note the strategy depends on estimation of the NMR reaction got from fat in an item, and the measurement of the fat substance by straightforward and direct alignment without the utilization of chemometrics. NMR can be adjusted to cover a focus go from 0. 5 to 100 perc ent fat. They report that a solitary example of fat can be utilized as an essential adjustment. Azeredo, et al. 2000) further note test estimation as short, ordinarily around 20 seconds, permitting a high throughput of tests and a proficient research center activity. The examination shows negligible example planning is required in light of the fact that the whole example is typically stacked into a test tube and estimated straightforwardly. Colnago et al. (2011) show that no solvents are required and the examination of the example is done in its characteristic state. Research demonstrates a few examples must be warmed to dissolve the fat so it gets noticeable to the NMR. This strategy has been licensed since 2009.Furthermore Colnago et al. (2011) report NMR as non-damaging, so repeatability of measure is handily made. NMR is temperature delicate, and with a balanced out magnet temperature of 40C, repeatability and exactness are streamlined by preconditioning the example at the tempe rature. Guillou, Trierweiler, and Martin (2005) in a collective report including 16 spectrometers examine exactness and precision. They show repeatability and reproducibility of quantitative deuterium NMR at the characteristic bounty. This has been resolved by the ISO norms.Precise quantitative and subjective examination of lipids in food is significant for exact wholesome marking and to guarantee that the item meets producing details (Nielsen, 2010). Xiao, Mjos, and Haugsgjerd. (2012). conc

Gay And Lesbian Community Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Gay And Lesbian Community Essay, Research Paper The people group I decided to look into is the Gay and Lesbian people group. I decided to take a gander at this network on the grounds that, as I meet an ever increasing number of individuals throughout my life, I have discovered that I come into contact with numerous Gay and Lesbian individuals, and to comprehend their issues, would regard a cultural specialist. As Berkman and Zinberg ( 1997 ) , areas, cultural specialists are # 8220 ; powerless to retaining the unequivocal and inexplicit preferences held by standard society. # 8221 ; I for one feel that the more you find out about different networks, its history and its fights, it gives us a more extensive extent of worry and compassion, in which to make our work. Up until the sixtiess, no 1 scrutinized the idea that the conventional family was the premise of American culture and essential to its truly endurance. A customary family unit was a grown-up male and a grown-up female, wedded to one another, who had children together and raised them in a network loaded with other such families. We will compose a custom exposition test on Gay And Lesbian Community Essay Research Paper or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page A family 30 or more mature ages prior, implied Mom, Dad, the childs, and on excursions, Grandpa, Grandma, aunties, cousins, and parents in law. In those yearss, a grown-up male and a grown-up female didn # 8217 ; T only travel into a level and unrecorded together. Every so often it would occur, however the example was non normal, and in little town America it about neer occurred. In such a universe, things being what they are, how were homophiles respected? In the first place, nobody 30 mature ages prior idea a group about homosexualism. It was non a subject that distracted the mean American. You didn # 8217 ; t hear it examined on syndicated programs or portrayed in films. You didn # 8217 ; t see asserted gay people pride marches in our major metropoliss. You weren # 8217 ; t assaulted with political announcements on the point. You didn # 8217 ; Ts have homophiles militantly announcing to the overall population the appropriateness of what they did in the dozing room. Absolutely exceptional political figures did non indicate to the universe that they constantly dedicated gay Acts of the Apostless and were pleased with it. On the off chance that individual drew in is such Acts of the Apostless, the person in question remained quiet about the issue or herself, non just on the grounds that there were Torahs against gay conduct yet adjacent to in light of the fact that the network at enormous disliked it each piece much as it objected to any kind of unnatural sexual conduct. Not only did society at huge dislike a gay life way, there were Torahs forbiding such conduct. Sexual conduct has ever been secured by law, non simply in Western culture however close to in Eastern culture. Laws were placed into topographic point to secure the extremely juvenile, who were accepted to be powerless to think about corruptness of guilelessness. Legal colza Torahs were established to ensure male children against gay conduct, as a support against the abuse of childs by individuals of a similar sex. Different Torahs existed to secure society against open parading of improper conduct. The idea was to restrict the conduct by law, thus you won # 8217 ; Ts must be presented to it in the open circle. Going to the terminal of the sixtiess, gay and sapphic gatherings were bouncing up over the United States and Canada, jumping from 15 of every 1966 to fifty out of 1969 ( D # 8217 ; Emilio, 1983 ) . They not, at this point needed to determine themselves in footings left over to them by the heterosexist obstruction ; rather, they looked to build another gay human progress where gay individuals could be free. Social liberties and coordinating appeared everlasting beggary for the foundation of progressives who conveniently disregarded the ordinary physical and mental power applied by homophobic culture ( Adam, 1987 ) . On the dim of Friday 27 June 1969, New York constabulary struck a Greenwich Village gay cantina called the Stonewall. Bar foraies were an American organization a constabularies ceremony to # 8220 ; pull off the weak and disrespectable-and in the originating before three hebdomads, five New York gay bars had just been assaulted ( Adam, 1987 ) . What made the stonewall an image of another age of gay political relations was the response of the impeding power Queenss, butchs, road individuals, and cantina male childs who went up against the constabulary chief with jokes thus with a hail of coins, clearing rocks, and stopping meters. By the terminal of the end of the week, the Stonewall cantina had been worn out, yet another signifier of corporate resistance was in the air: lively discharge. Gay discharge neer idea of itself as a social liberties movement for an unconventional minority however as an extreme fight to free the homosexualism in everybody, contesting the regular understandings that bound sex to hetero monogamous family units ( Adam, 1987 ) . Inside two mature ages from the Stonewall Rebellion, sprightly discharge bunches rose in each significant city and grounds in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Western Europe ( Dannemeyer, 1989 ) . On three mainlands, lively movement in the mid 1970s created along a comparative class, with equal Left-arranged chipper discharge bunches sorting out alongside increasingly wide social liberties associations. From the earliest starting point of merry discharge, tribades often wound up enormously dwarfed by work powers who were, non shockingly, engrossed with their ain issues and uninformed of the worries of grown-up females. Numerous grown-up females turned out to be dynamically disappointed as sprightly discharge work powers set up attempted gatherings to counter constabulary capture, work for homosexuality statute change, or sorted out moves that ended up being 90 percent male ( Dannemeyer, 1989 ) . Men underestimated a large number of the cultural conditions that made it feasible for them to be bright. Be that as it may, lesbians expected to go to cardinal occupations standing up to all ladies, for example, equivalent possibility in work and power against ladies so as to hold adequate independency to go sapphic. Most work powers had at any rate the monetary independency of pay work and an all around created business scene to depend on, though numerous grown-up females were battling to infer a bridgehead in business and make topographic focuses where tribades could be together. In a movement that should send on their motivation, lesbians became furious at holding to give clasp and vitality to # 8220 ; reminding # 8221 ; work powers of their being. Numerous tribades presumed that sprightly work powers would be glad to acknowledge the topographic point fitting their sex and class while go forthing the arrangement of male control necessary. As Marie Robertson expressed to the Canadian National Gay Rights Coalition, # 8220 ; Gay discharge, when we get directly down to it, is the fight for lively work powers to achieve favoring for the solitary thing that isolates them from the # 8216 ; Man # 8221 ; # 8212 ; their sexual inclination # 8221 ; ( Robertson 1982, 177 ) . The mystery of the 1970s was that gay and sapphic discharge did non deliver the sexual orientation free universe it imagined, yet confronted an extraordinary developing of merry entrepreneur economy and another maleness. While contentions seethed inside the movement, the activities of gay liberationists and sapphic womens rightist entered a bigger political field, which changed and extended the lively universe in unforeseen waies. Another self-opposing aftereffect of happy discharge was the augmentation of the gay ghetto. The achievement of the movement in pulverizing back territory course and suppression ; bright topographic focuses took into consideration another coevals on busin einsteiniums arranged to a gay market. Inside a decennary, each significant city in North America and Western Europe had another extent of bars and sweat rooms, eating houses and discos, trip specialists and dress shops, attorneies and extra security organizations, cultural administrations and specialists, who provided food explicitly to a gay support ( Altman, 1980 ) . One of these nations is Greenwich Village in New York City, where one can observer straightforwardly gay and sapphic individuals in a scene that is tolerating of them and their picks. Go for a stroll down Christopher Street from Sixth Avenue toward the West Side Highway and you will meet each asset that a # 8220 ; typical # 8221 ; region has. Here, work powers and grown-up females don't hesitate to show themselves in manners that they are comfortable with, without fearing oppression or ominous response from other people who are non O.K.ing of the way they are. In the # 8220 ; Village # 8221 ; they are non presented to manhandles that makes them experience as a lesser being. Especially defenseless are youngster that are trashed as being atypical and reprobate ( Herdt, 1989 ) . Indeed, even Erik Erikson # 8217 ; s ( 1968 ) take a shot at uniqueness and youngster makes the atypical picture crucial to and about mandatory for understanding sprightly youngster. # 8220 ; Negative uniqueness wins in the reprobate ( propensity framing, gay ) youngster of our bigger metropoliss, # 8221 ; Erikson ( 1968, 88 ) contended, due to hostility to family unit and development. Only through complete assignment with such distorted subcultures can help from unusual brain science be found for # 8220 ; cadres and packs of youthful homophiles, nuts, and cultural critics # 8221 ; ( 176 ) . The interest to hold a network wherein you are acknowledged for what you are is a cosmopolitan subject. As the 1980s started gay people and sapphic individuals were again going up against an emergencies from a completely unforeseen start, with the find of a heretofore obscure lethal infection, which by 1985 asserted in excess of 7,000 lives, three-quarter of whom were gay work powers ( Kayal, 1993 ) . Lesbians, who were cleared alo

Automate Your Marketing Efforts with MeisterTask and SharpSpring

Automate Your Marketing Efforts with MeisterTask and SharpSpring To all of our patient marketers out there, the day has finally come! Your favorite marketing automation companion has been supercharged with a MeisterTask integration. Meaning that you can now connect SharpSpring with MeisterTask using Zapier! Strike while the iron is hot is a rule that most modern-day marketers abide by diligently. It is crucial to act and act fast when it comes to sealing the deal and acquiring new customers. In an ideal world, there’d exist a perfect cohesion between marketing and sales. But,  reality is far from ideal as marketers need to constantly keep track of hundreds of leads. This involves expertly sorting those with potential from those that are simply not interested. Up until now, this was often a manual and laborious process. Enter SharpSpring About SharpSpring SharpSpring is a highly-rated global provider of affordable, cloud-based marketing automation. Marketing agencies and businesses around the world rely on SharpSpring to generate leads, improve conversions to sales, and drive higher returns on marketing investments. Known for innovation, open architecture, and exceptional customer support, SharpSpring offers flexible monthly contracts at a fraction of the price of its competitors. Task Management with SharpSpring and MeisterTask Still, a large part of marketing activities involves keeping track of campaigns, performance, sales and most importantly leads, because leads mean business. And, following through just got a whole lot easier with the SharpSpring MeisterTask integration. Connecting your SharpSpring and MeisterTask accounts will enable you to work more efficiently â€" smarter, not harder. The integration is facilitated through Zapier, a tool which allows you to connect your favorite and most used apps together, and, through that connection, automate processes and create super speedy little workflows â€" appropriately called Zaps. You can transform your SharpSpring notifications and forms automatically into tasks using Zaps.  That way you’ll always have an overview of what’s new, what needs your attention and, what needs to be done. How to Create Zaps Create a Zap to add your new SharpSpring leads to your ‘New Leads Project Board’ on MeisterTask. That way you have a snapshot of all the new leads generated. This allows for easy follow-up and makes sure you never drop the ball or let hot leads go cold. How? Create a new project on MeisterTask where all your SharpSpring leads can get zapped to, then simply use this Zap template below: (Please note: you will be asked to create a free Zapier account to use Zaps) While you’re at it, create a Zap that will allow you to turn every new form filled out on SharpSpring into a MeisterTask task? You can use this Zap template below: Alternatively, you can visit Zapier to play around and create your own Zaps from scratch. That way you can use whichever triggers, actions and filters you like: Create Zaps Automate Your Marketing Efforts with MeisterTask and SharpSpring To all of our patient marketers out there, the day has finally come! Your favorite marketing automation companion has been supercharged with a MeisterTask integration. Meaning that you can now connect SharpSpring with MeisterTask using Zapier! Strike while the iron is hot is a rule that most modern-day marketers abide by diligently. It is crucial to act and act fast when it comes to sealing the deal and acquiring new customers. In an ideal world, there’d exist a perfect cohesion between marketing and sales. But,  reality is far from ideal as marketers need to constantly keep track of hundreds of leads. This involves expertly sorting those with potential from those that are simply not interested. Up until now, this was often a manual and laborious process. Enter SharpSpring About SharpSpring SharpSpring is a highly-rated global provider of affordable, cloud-based marketing automation. Marketing agencies and businesses around the world rely on SharpSpring to generate leads, improve conversions to sales, and drive higher returns on marketing investments. Known for innovation, open architecture, and exceptional customer support, SharpSpring offers flexible monthly contracts at a fraction of the price of its competitors. Task Management with SharpSpring and MeisterTask Still, a large part of marketing activities involves keeping track of campaigns, performance, sales and most importantly leads, because leads mean business. And, following through just got a whole lot easier with the SharpSpring MeisterTask integration. Connecting your SharpSpring and MeisterTask accounts will enable you to work more efficiently â€" smarter, not harder. The integration is facilitated through Zapier, a tool which allows you to connect your favorite and most used apps together, and, through that connection, automate processes and create super speedy little workflows â€" appropriately called Zaps. You can transform your SharpSpring notifications and forms automatically into tasks using Zaps.  That way you’ll always have an overview of what’s new, what needs your attention and, what needs to be done. How to Create Zaps Create a Zap to add your new SharpSpring leads to your ‘New Leads Project Board’ on MeisterTask. That way you have a snapshot of all the new leads generated. This allows for easy follow-up and makes sure you never drop the ball or let hot leads go cold. How? Create a new project on MeisterTask where all your SharpSpring leads can get zapped to, then simply use this Zap template below: (Please note: you will be asked to create a free Zapier account to use Zaps) While you’re at it, create a Zap that will allow you to turn every new form filled out on SharpSpring into a MeisterTask task? You can use this Zap template below: Alternatively, you can visit Zapier to play around and create your own Zaps from scratch. That way you can use whichever triggers, actions and filters you like: Create Zaps

What to Pack for College

Deciding what to pack when you head to school may seem more overwhelming than trying to get your entire high school career on one tiny admissions application. With a little planning and foresight, however, it doesnt have to be as complicated as it might seem at first. Youll Buy Stuff When You Get There You dont have to plan for your entire academic year when packing, especially if youre on a really tight budget. You can buy pens, extra binders, and lots of other things as the year goes on. Additionally, if you arent sure if you need to bring a small desk lamp or if the school will already provide one for you, for example, just research it in advance. See if the schools website says anything.Check out social media and ask other students.Call the residence life office and ask whats already in the room. Keep in mind, too, that you are building a new life of sorts for yourself. Dont try to duplicate your room at home so much as find things that will represent your time at school. Lastly, this list doesnt include all of the things that should go without explaining, like clothes and a backpack. This is meant to remind you of a few items that you might forget to pack and that just might make your college life a little easier. The Essentials Quarters - Possibly one of the highest-demand items on a college campus. Grab a roll or two before you go.Tip: If you run out, ask a fellow student who works as a waiter/waitress.Detergent and fabric softener - If you buy a big box because its cheaper in bulk, make sure you have a way to carry a little bit at a time. Theres no need to carry 25 pounds of detergent down three flights of stairs every time you need to wash your clothes.Laundry basket, hamper, or bag - Space is usually at a premium for college students, so this should double as a way to carry your clothes from your room to the washing machines.Fabric freshener  - Speaking of that dirty laundry... a bottle of spray fabric freshener like Febreze will keep your dorm room smelling fresh and your roommate happy.Shower caddy - Youll most likely need to carry your shower items (soap, shampoo, conditioner, razor, etc.) from your room and back. A good shower caddy should fit all your essentials.  Shower shoes - The showers at school may not be as clean as the one youre used to at home. Make sure you have something to prevent catching (or stepping in) anything nasty.Robe - Not everyone wants to walk from the shower to their room in only a towel.First aid kit - Something simple will do to help cover up and heal small injuries here and there.Sewing kit - This may seem like a lifesaver when youre on your last pair of clean socks . . . and your toe pokes through them.Small toolkit - These can be a little hard to find, but are worth the effort. A basic toolkit with a small hammer, screwdriver (with different kinds of tips), wrench, tape measure, and a few other essentials will come in handy during your time at school.Hangers - Its no fun to arrive at school with tons of clothes that have to live on your bed or closet floor for the first few days.  Cup, bowl, plate, fork, knife, and spoon - One set should work for grabbing pizza late at night, sharing the 2-liter soda your RA bought during midterms week and e ating healthy snacks while studying between meals.Can opener - Theres just no way to get that can of soup open without one, especially when its really late and youre really hungry.Small items for clean-up - Depending on what you prefer, this could be Clorox wipes, paper towels, a rag or two, or a few sponges. No matter what it is, that cup of soda is inevitably going to spill and youll be prepared.Keychain - While you can wait to get this until you arrive, make sure its on your list. Most students have a keychain that holds their keys and student ID; get a sturdy one that will be hard to lose.Extra-long sheets - Check with your school before buying sheets. Most college residence halls have extra-long twin beds, which are a different size than standard twin beds. Youll need a specific size of sheets to fit them.Flash/jump/thumb drive - Perfect for printing at the library, saving your work when working with a group on someone elses computer, and bringing to class for presentations. Ha ve two or three of these on hand in case one gets misplaced.Laptop lock - Make sure your laptop is as protected as possible, no matter how safe you feel.Power strip with surge protection - Residence hall rooms are notorious for not having enough plugs. Make sure you can safely plug in all the devices you bring.Extension cords - With rooms being small enough already, the last thing you need is to have to move things around just to reach an outlet.Printer paper - You just finished writing your essay, youre tired, and you want to go to bed. Who wants to spend twenty minutes searching for printer paper?Small fan - Many residence halls dont have air conditioning and can get pretty hot during the summer. A tiny fan will do wonders for circulating the air in your room, even in winter.Umbrella - If youre packing during a sunny day, this may totally slip your mind. But youll be grateful for it the first time it rains on campus.Fridge and microwave - Essentials for most college students. Make sure, though, that you coordinate with your roommate before bringing either of these.Additionally, make sure that whatever you bring doesnt exceed the limitations allowed in your hall. You can find out more about size and electricity limits by contacting your campus residence life office.Cell-phone charger - Oh, the horrors of forgetting this. If possible, get one with an extra long cord; outlets are usually in short supply. If you like to sleep with your phone by your bed (or use it as an alarm), you might not be able to do so if the cords too short. Things Not to Bring There are things that you do want to bring to campus and those that should definitely be avoided. Candles - These are rarely allowed in residence halls, and even on-campus apartments, because of the fire hazard. Even if you arent going to light them, they still may not be allowed.A fridge or microwave that exceeds the size and electricity limits for your room or apartment Hotplate - These are also usually not permitted in on-campus housing.Expensive equipment - You may think that bringing very high-quality stereo equipment will make you a popular student on your floor. That may be true, but doing so may also make you a target for theft. If there are other things youre thinking of bringing, its more important to have a rule for how to decide what to bring with you than it is to worry about whats right vs. whats wrong. Just use that smart brain of yours to make wise choices. Lastly, make sure you know how to keep your belongings safe once you arrive. Who wants to spend all that time packing just to have your things disappear?!

The Greatest Generals During The American Civil War

On January 21, 1824 around midnight in Clarksburg, Virginia, now West Virginia, one of the South’s greatest Generals during the American Civil War was born. This was Thomas Johnathan Jackson, also known as Stonewall Jackson. He was the third born out of four siblings. His parents were Julia Beckwith Neale and Johnathan Jackson (Stonewall Jackson). Jackson’s childhood was very rough. When he was two, his father and older sister died of typhoid fever within the same year. The death of his father caused his mother to be widowed and left with little money and many debts. To support her, now three, children, she sewed and taught. Not only that, in order for her to fix the financial issues, she was forced to sell their property and home. In†¦show more content†¦During this, Jackson was a part of Major General Winfield Scott’s army. He participated in the Siege of Veracruz and the campaign against Mexico City (T.J. â€Å"Stonewall† Jackson). While fighti ng, he earned two Brevet promotions and a permanent tittle of First Lieutenant. He also was a part of the assault of Chapultepec Castle. There, he again proved himself and was ranked up to Major (American Civil War: Lieutenant General Thomas â€Å"Stonewall† Jackson). Jackson then returned to the United States post war and accepted a teaching job at Virginia Military Institute in Lexington. He was a Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy and also an Instructor of Artillery. Although, his students were not fond of him. In the time of him teaching, he married twice. His first wife was the daughter of Presbyterian Minister, Dr. George Junkin, Elinor Junkin (Stonewall Jackson). Like Jackson’s mother, Elinor died of childbirth on October 22, 1854 of a stillborn son (Elinor Junkin). July 1857, after a tour of Europe, he remarried Mary Anna Morrison. Approximately two years later, they had a daughter. Unfortunately, less than a month later, the baby died (T.J. †Å"Stonewall† Jackson). In November, Jackson got back into military life. He served as a Virginia Military Institute (VMI) officer following John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry (American Civil War: Lieutenant General Thomas â€Å"Stonewall† Jackson). Due to this attack, he was ordered to provideShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding The Civil War1710 Words   |  7 Pages Civil War Chris Cowan HIS/155 November 11, 2015 Civil War Understanding the Civil War is very important, to understand the way America has been shaped through out the past couple of centuries. Shelby Foote, a historian, believed that the Civil War defines the people in America. The Civil War was a war involving the North (The Union) and the South (The Confederates) who had different points of view over whether or not slavery was justified. Ultimately around 600,000 Americans lost theirRead MoreAbraham Lincoln : The Greatest President Of All Times798 Words   |  4 Pages Often hailed as the greatest president of all times, Abraham Lincoln was a strong Presidential leader who is known for his honest ways. He was President during one of the worst wars in American history and was a great leader for our military. Abraham Lincoln helped to abolish slavery. He was shot down in the prime of his life and term of President by John Wilkes Booth. President Lincoln’s contributions to the American society will never be forgotten. On a February morning in 1809 Abraham LincolnRead MoreEssay on Why the American Civil War Lasted for Longer Than 90 Days1149 Words   |  5 PagesWhy the American Civil War lasted for longer than 90 days The North had expected their war with the south to last for no more than 90 days. They not only had more men up in the north but they had more resources as well. Now why couldnt they defeat the south? 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Substance Abuse It’s affect on Individuals, Family, Friends, and Society Free Essays

The purpose of this essay is to shed light on substance abuse and its effect on individuals, family, friends, and society. This study examined reliable data regarding substance abuse, the effects it has on individuals, families, friends, and society. Included also are the risk and dangers associated with methamphetamines, and the problems associated with the drug trafficking industry worldwide. We will write a custom essay sample on Substance Abuse: It’s affect on Individuals, Family, Friends, and Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Treatment programs are available and can be beneficial to the individual as well as society. The preliminary results will show how substance abuse affects all people, businesses, and organizations involved. The conclusion can also be drawn that substance abuse and its effects are problems that, if treated properly, and the correct tactics are used in controlling its supply, can be managed to some extent. Substance abuse effects not only the person abusing drugs but also family, friends, and society as a whole. The costs associated with substance abuse is astonishing; these costs include medical care, court costs, the cost of treatment, court proceedings, and costs associated with crimes involving drugs. Prisons are overcrowded and the battle to keep illegal drugs out of the prison system continues. The problems associated with substance abuse are not only in the United States but Worldwide. New programs and tactics to treat and fight substance abuse have to be implemented to keep up with the ever changing drug industry. Individuals who abuse tobacco or other addictive drugs are at a higher risk illness, injuries, imprisonment, and death. Some of the health risks associated with substance abuse include: dependency, impairments to brain function, cancers, STDs, HIV/AIDS, withdrawals, depression, seizures, liver, lung, and kidney problems, death, and many others (â€Å"Health Risks Associated with Alcohol and Drugs†, n.d. ). The brain can suffer many affects from substance abuse, from addiction, mild anxiety and depression, to extensive manic and other psychopathic responses. Severe withdrawal symptoms from â€Å"physiological depressants such as alcohol and benzodiazepines are hyperactivity, elevated blood pressure, agitation and anxiety† (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2005). After withdrawing from stimulants a person will feel depressed, tired, and withdrawn. â€Å"Any substance taken in very large quantities over a long enough period can lead to a psychotic state† (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2005). Cancer is another health problem associated with substance abuse. Intravenous drug use, unprotected sex, and heavy drinking can cause liver damage and result in cirrhosis and cancer of the liver. Diseases such as hepatitis C can be contributed to unprotected sex and intravenous drug use; sometimes leading to liver diseases. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2013) estimates that, â€Å"in 2011 a total of 14. 0 million people injected drugs worldwide, which corresponds to 0. 31 percent of the population aged 15 – 64† (Extent of health consequences of drug use : injecting drug use.para 1. ). People infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are high among intravenous drug users. The UNODC (2013) â€Å"estimates that the global prevalence of HCV among people who inject drugs is 51. 0 percent, meaning that 7. 2 million people who inject drugs were living with HCV in 2011† (HIV among people who inject drugs. para. 2) HIV/AIDS and STDs are common among drug users and be spread through unprotected sex and intravenous drug use, which is a behavior known to be associated with substance abusers. UNODC (2013) estimates that of the 14.0 million people who inject drugs, â€Å"1. 6 million are living with HIV; that represents a global prevalence of HIV of 11. 5 percent among people who inject drugs† (HIV among people who inject drugs. para. 1). Premature death due to drug overdose has been on the rise. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), (2013), â€Å"in 2010, 30,006 (78%) of the 38,329 drug overdose deaths in the United States were unintentional, 5,298 (14%) of suicidal intent, and 2,963 (8%) were of undetermined intent† (The Problem, para. 3). The statistics show that men are more likely to die than women and that â€Å"American Indians/Alaska Natives had the highest death rate, followed by whites and then blacks; the highest death rates among people 45-49 years of age; and the lowest rates among children less than 15 years of age† (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013, Risk Factors for Drug Overdose). Drugs are now to blame for more deaths than motor vehicle accidents, for the first time (ABC news). According to The National Institute on Drug Abuse (2013),† an estimated 10.3 million people aged 12 or older reported driving under the influence of illicit drugs during the year prior to the survey† (How Many People Take Drugs and Drive). Drugs also play a major role in traffic accidents; According to Science Daily, â€Å"between 1998 and 2009, there were more than 44,000 fatally injured drivers with drug-test information—one quarter of whom tested positive for drugs†(Deadly Drugged Driving: Drug use tied to fatal car crashes, 2011, para. 11). According to MADD (n. d), â€Å"over 1. 2 million drivers were arrested in 2011 for driving under the influence of alcohol or narcotics† (Statistics, para.2). Death of a loved one affects the family members and friends, not only emotionally but also financially. There are very few states that offer assistance in funerals and those that do only pay a small amount (Funeral Ethics Organization, 2012). Substance abuse can affect families in many ways. Children of parents who abuse drugs are at a higher risk of child abuse and of being born prematurely, low birth weights, and other problems which occur at birth. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (n. d.), â€Å"there may be as many as 45,000 cocaine-exposed babies born per year† (Magnitude: Addiction Affects Everyone: Prenatal. ). Women who smoke during pregnancy deliver babies that have a lower average birth rate than those of women who do not (NIDA). The risk to children in homes where the parents manufacture drugs is even greater. â€Å"Approximately 50% to 80% of all child abuse and neglect cases substantiated by child protected services involve some degree of substance abuse by the child’s parents†, according to National Institute on Drug Abuse: Magnitude (Addiction Affects Us All: Child Abuse). The emotional and financial burdens of living with a person who has a substance abuse problem can be overwhelming. Some of the other effects include the risk of HIV, increased risk of substance abuse in children born to addicted mothers, conduct problems in children living in homes where there is substance abuse present, marital problems, emotional and physical abuse, and legal problems (â€Å"Substance Abuse Affects Families†, n. d. ). Many times children born to or living in homes where the parents have a substance abuse problem, the children will end up in foster care. According to American Humane Association, † the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, by the American Humane Organization estimates in a 2005 report states that substance abuse is a factor in at least 70 percent of all reported cases of child maltreatment† (Parental Substance Abuse Can Lead to Child Abuse and Neglect). The number of children living in foster care is a financial burden to society as a whole. Society is affected by substance abuse in a number of ways including increased crime rates, lower property rates in drug infested areas, and financial burdens to federal, state, and local governments, and taxpayers. According to the Drug War Facts Organization (1998-2013), â€Å"of the 1,552,432 arrests for drug law violations in 2012, 82.2% (1,276,099) were for possession of a controlled substance, and 276,333 were for the sale or manufacturing of a drug† (Basic Data, para. 1). This along with stricter sentencing policies has caused an overcrowding of jails and prisons. Not only are the jails and prisons filled with people convicted of drug possession, sales, and manufacturing, but they also consist of people convicted of crimes committed to support their habits (Drug War Facts Organization Basic Data, section 6). The annual costs per federal inmate according to The Urban Organization (2012), are â€Å"$21,006 for minimum security, $25,378 for low security, $26,247 for medium security, and $33,930 for high security† (Prison is expensive) According to the Vera Institute of Justice,(2012), â€Å"among the 40 states surveyed, representing more than 1. 2 million inmates (of 1. 4 million total people incarcerated in all 50 states prison systems), the total per-inmate costs averaged $31,286 annually†(Total Taxpayer Cost Per Inmate, p. 8, para 1). There are also state and federal costs associated with training within the federal and state law enforcement agencies and prisons. Methamphetamine labs not only put the safety of citizens at risk but they also cost the state, federal, and local government as well as the taxpayers a considerable amount of money. People who live near these labs, law enforcement personnel, and emergency responders are all at risk of being seriously injured or killed. Law enforcement means and allocated expenditures are strained because of the costs associated with disposing of and cleaning up of methamphetamine labs. According to the National Drug Intelligence Center, â€Å"the average cost to clean up a methamphetamine production laboratory is $1,900; given that an average of 9,777 lab seizures were reported to NCLSS each year between 2002 and 2004, the economic impact is obvious† (The Impact of Drugs on Society, para. 6). There was also additional training needed for dealing with these labs which was not only an added financial burden but increased workloads (National Drug Intelligence Center: The Impact of Drugs on Society, para. 6). The burden felt within the law enforcement system is not the only industry that has been affected by drug use. As of 2009, most drug users aged 18 and over, were employed and admitted to having used drugs while employed. The turnover and absenteeism, according to the Office of National Drug Control Policy (n. d), â€Å"from 2002 to 2004, full-time workers aged 18-64 who reported current illicit drug use were more than twice as likely as those reporting no current illicit drug use to report they had worked for three or more employers in the past year†(Turnover and Absenteeism). Current drug users were also more likely to miss more days of work. According to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (1998), â€Å"estimates by the United States Department of Labor in the mid1990s suggest that drug use in the workplace may cost American business and industry between $75 billion and $100 billion annually in lost time, accidents and higher health-care and worker’s compensation costs† (Economic consequences of drug abuse and trafficking, p. 17, para. 3). School performance is lower for drug users than for non-drug users according to the whitehouse. gov website. The fight against drug abuse is not only in the workforce, schools, and society in the United States, but worldwide. According to Stein (2012), an author for the Los Angeles Times, in one article out of a series of articles they are doing on addiction states that â€Å"about 200 million people around the world use illegal drugs every year† (Stein, 2012). The study contained information regarding four drug categories; opioids, amphetamines, cocaine, and marijuana. The rates of drug users are higher in developed countries. Social factors and the accessibility of drugs also affect the rates. Drug use fell behind tobacco and alcohol use in mortality rates, but when considering the lost years of life drugs rated higher at 2. 1 million, according to Stein (Stein, 2012). Drug trafficking is another problem felt worldwide; according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), â€Å"given the large quantities of licit substances that make their way across oceans and continents every day, in containers and even small boats, maritime trafficking poses a particularly knotty challenge for the authorities†(Executive Summary: Maritime trafficking poses challenge to authorities, para.1). Maritime seizures are usually larger than those seizures of trafficking by road or air (Executive Summary: Maritime trafficking poses challenge to authorities, para. 3). New trafficking routes are being looked for as the old ones are being discovered, causing the authorities to have to step up their efforts in controlling the drug trafficking industry. New drugs are being created daily to not only meet with the demand for them but to help traffickers avoid detection. With this increase of new drugs the number of new narcotics under international control had be increased. With all the drugs and the drug abuse in the United States as well as around the world the need for treatment programs and tactics to fight drug abuse is on the rise. There are five primary treatment models that professional in the field of substance abuse can use: psychoeducational models are used in educating patients about substance abuse, related behaviors and their consequences; skills development groups basically try to teach individuals the skills they will need to maintain a drug free lifestyle.; cognitive-behavioral groups are designed to change the clients thinking patterns; support groups help reinforce the clients’ efforts regarding their thinking and emotions and help them develop better interpersonal skills while in recovery. There are also relapse prevention treatment groups, communal and culturally specific treatment groups, and expressive groups (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment: Group Therapy, 2005). One or all of these types groups may be used in the treatment of substance abuse and in different settings. There are different types of substance abuse facilities available for the treatment of addiction. â€Å"Facilities operated by private, nonprofit organizations account for 58% of treatment facilities. Private, for-profit facilities (29%), and the remaining facilities are operated by local governments (6 percent), state governments (3 percent), Federal Government (2 percent), and tribal governments (1 percent)† (Substance abuse treatment facilities: New data, 2010: Major Findings, para. 1). Programs are also being made available in jails and prisons to help reduce the number of returnees to the prison system. Substance abuse treatments vary in price but can be very expensive although it is believed that the benefits outweigh the costs. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (2012) states that, â€Å"according to several conservative estimates, every dollar invested in addiction treatment programs yields a return of between $4 and $7 in reduced drug-related crime, criminal justice costs, and theft† (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2012: Is drug addiction treatment worth its cost?, para. 2). When healthcare savings are figured in to that savings it can exceed costs by a 12 to 1 ratio, so while the costs may seem great the benefits can be even greater. Family and friends can help addicts find treatment and resources to help pay for the treatment as well as being supportive while they are in treatment (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2012: Is drug addiction treatment worth its cost? ) There are several websites that are available to help obtain the information needed to locate the right treatment facility. The effectiveness of treatment varies depending on the individual and the treatment facility and type. According to NIH, â€Å"research that tracks individuals in treatment over an extended periods, most people who get into and remain in treatment stop using drugs, decrease their criminal activity, and improve their occupational, social, and psychological functioning†(National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2012: How effective is drug addiction treatment? , para 1). Substance abuse affects individuals, family members, friends, and society as a whole. There are astonishing costs related to drug abuse, crimes committed related to drug use and producing drugs, and the cost associated with authorities who fight against drugs. The jails and prisons are overcrowded and the staffs are overworked. Substance abuse is not a problem associated with just the Unites States, but worldwide. There are treatment options and facilities available, although; they can be costly. However, statistics show that the benefits far outweigh the costs in most cases. How to cite Substance Abuse: It’s affect on Individuals, Family, Friends, and Society, Essays

Substance Abuse It’s affect on Individuals, Family, Friends, and Society Free Essays

The purpose of this essay is to shed light on substance abuse and its effect on individuals, family, friends, and society. This study examined reliable data regarding substance abuse, the effects it has on individuals, families, friends, and society. Included also are the risk and dangers associated with methamphetamines, and the problems associated with the drug trafficking industry worldwide. We will write a custom essay sample on Substance Abuse: It’s affect on Individuals, Family, Friends, and Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Treatment programs are available and can be beneficial to the individual as well as society. The preliminary results will show how substance abuse affects all people, businesses, and organizations involved. The conclusion can also be drawn that substance abuse and its effects are problems that, if treated properly, and the correct tactics are used in controlling its supply, can be managed to some extent. Substance abuse effects not only the person abusing drugs but also family, friends, and society as a whole. The costs associated with substance abuse is astonishing; these costs include medical care, court costs, the cost of treatment, court proceedings, and costs associated with crimes involving drugs. Prisons are overcrowded and the battle to keep illegal drugs out of the prison system continues. The problems associated with substance abuse are not only in the United States but Worldwide. New programs and tactics to treat and fight substance abuse have to be implemented to keep up with the ever changing drug industry. Individuals who abuse tobacco or other addictive drugs are at a higher risk illness, injuries, imprisonment, and death. Some of the health risks associated with substance abuse include: dependency, impairments to brain function, cancers, STDs, HIV/AIDS, withdrawals, depression, seizures, liver, lung, and kidney problems, death, and many others (â€Å"Health Risks Associated with Alcohol and Drugs†, n.d. ). The brain can suffer many affects from substance abuse, from addiction, mild anxiety and depression, to extensive manic and other psychopathic responses. Severe withdrawal symptoms from â€Å"physiological depressants such as alcohol and benzodiazepines are hyperactivity, elevated blood pressure, agitation and anxiety† (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2005). After withdrawing from stimulants a person will feel depressed, tired, and withdrawn. â€Å"Any substance taken in very large quantities over a long enough period can lead to a psychotic state† (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2005). Cancer is another health problem associated with substance abuse. Intravenous drug use, unprotected sex, and heavy drinking can cause liver damage and result in cirrhosis and cancer of the liver. Diseases such as hepatitis C can be contributed to unprotected sex and intravenous drug use; sometimes leading to liver diseases. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2013) estimates that, â€Å"in 2011 a total of 14. 0 million people injected drugs worldwide, which corresponds to 0. 31 percent of the population aged 15 – 64† (Extent of health consequences of drug use : injecting drug use.para 1. ). People infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are high among intravenous drug users. The UNODC (2013) â€Å"estimates that the global prevalence of HCV among people who inject drugs is 51. 0 percent, meaning that 7. 2 million people who inject drugs were living with HCV in 2011† (HIV among people who inject drugs. para. 2) HIV/AIDS and STDs are common among drug users and be spread through unprotected sex and intravenous drug use, which is a behavior known to be associated with substance abusers. UNODC (2013) estimates that of the 14.0 million people who inject drugs, â€Å"1. 6 million are living with HIV; that represents a global prevalence of HIV of 11. 5 percent among people who inject drugs† (HIV among people who inject drugs. para. 1). Premature death due to drug overdose has been on the rise. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), (2013), â€Å"in 2010, 30,006 (78%) of the 38,329 drug overdose deaths in the United States were unintentional, 5,298 (14%) of suicidal intent, and 2,963 (8%) were of undetermined intent† (The Problem, para. 3). The statistics show that men are more likely to die than women and that â€Å"American Indians/Alaska Natives had the highest death rate, followed by whites and then blacks; the highest death rates among people 45-49 years of age; and the lowest rates among children less than 15 years of age† (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013, Risk Factors for Drug Overdose). Drugs are now to blame for more deaths than motor vehicle accidents, for the first time (ABC news). According to The National Institute on Drug Abuse (2013),† an estimated 10.3 million people aged 12 or older reported driving under the influence of illicit drugs during the year prior to the survey† (How Many People Take Drugs and Drive). Drugs also play a major role in traffic accidents; According to Science Daily, â€Å"between 1998 and 2009, there were more than 44,000 fatally injured drivers with drug-test information—one quarter of whom tested positive for drugs†(Deadly Drugged Driving: Drug use tied to fatal car crashes, 2011, para. 11). According to MADD (n. d), â€Å"over 1. 2 million drivers were arrested in 2011 for driving under the influence of alcohol or narcotics† (Statistics, para.2). Death of a loved one affects the family members and friends, not only emotionally but also financially. There are very few states that offer assistance in funerals and those that do only pay a small amount (Funeral Ethics Organization, 2012). Substance abuse can affect families in many ways. Children of parents who abuse drugs are at a higher risk of child abuse and of being born prematurely, low birth weights, and other problems which occur at birth. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (n. d.), â€Å"there may be as many as 45,000 cocaine-exposed babies born per year† (Magnitude: Addiction Affects Everyone: Prenatal. ). Women who smoke during pregnancy deliver babies that have a lower average birth rate than those of women who do not (NIDA). The risk to children in homes where the parents manufacture drugs is even greater. â€Å"Approximately 50% to 80% of all child abuse and neglect cases substantiated by child protected services involve some degree of substance abuse by the child’s parents†, according to National Institute on Drug Abuse: Magnitude (Addiction Affects Us All: Child Abuse). The emotional and financial burdens of living with a person who has a substance abuse problem can be overwhelming. Some of the other effects include the risk of HIV, increased risk of substance abuse in children born to addicted mothers, conduct problems in children living in homes where there is substance abuse present, marital problems, emotional and physical abuse, and legal problems (â€Å"Substance Abuse Affects Families†, n. d. ). Many times children born to or living in homes where the parents have a substance abuse problem, the children will end up in foster care. According to American Humane Association, † the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, by the American Humane Organization estimates in a 2005 report states that substance abuse is a factor in at least 70 percent of all reported cases of child maltreatment† (Parental Substance Abuse Can Lead to Child Abuse and Neglect). The number of children living in foster care is a financial burden to society as a whole. Society is affected by substance abuse in a number of ways including increased crime rates, lower property rates in drug infested areas, and financial burdens to federal, state, and local governments, and taxpayers. According to the Drug War Facts Organization (1998-2013), â€Å"of the 1,552,432 arrests for drug law violations in 2012, 82.2% (1,276,099) were for possession of a controlled substance, and 276,333 were for the sale or manufacturing of a drug† (Basic Data, para. 1). This along with stricter sentencing policies has caused an overcrowding of jails and prisons. Not only are the jails and prisons filled with people convicted of drug possession, sales, and manufacturing, but they also consist of people convicted of crimes committed to support their habits (Drug War Facts Organization Basic Data, section 6). The annual costs per federal inmate according to The Urban Organization (2012), are â€Å"$21,006 for minimum security, $25,378 for low security, $26,247 for medium security, and $33,930 for high security† (Prison is expensive) According to the Vera Institute of Justice,(2012), â€Å"among the 40 states surveyed, representing more than 1. 2 million inmates (of 1. 4 million total people incarcerated in all 50 states prison systems), the total per-inmate costs averaged $31,286 annually†(Total Taxpayer Cost Per Inmate, p. 8, para 1). There are also state and federal costs associated with training within the federal and state law enforcement agencies and prisons. Methamphetamine labs not only put the safety of citizens at risk but they also cost the state, federal, and local government as well as the taxpayers a considerable amount of money. People who live near these labs, law enforcement personnel, and emergency responders are all at risk of being seriously injured or killed. Law enforcement means and allocated expenditures are strained because of the costs associated with disposing of and cleaning up of methamphetamine labs. According to the National Drug Intelligence Center, â€Å"the average cost to clean up a methamphetamine production laboratory is $1,900; given that an average of 9,777 lab seizures were reported to NCLSS each year between 2002 and 2004, the economic impact is obvious† (The Impact of Drugs on Society, para. 6). There was also additional training needed for dealing with these labs which was not only an added financial burden but increased workloads (National Drug Intelligence Center: The Impact of Drugs on Society, para. 6). The burden felt within the law enforcement system is not the only industry that has been affected by drug use. As of 2009, most drug users aged 18 and over, were employed and admitted to having used drugs while employed. The turnover and absenteeism, according to the Office of National Drug Control Policy (n. d), â€Å"from 2002 to 2004, full-time workers aged 18-64 who reported current illicit drug use were more than twice as likely as those reporting no current illicit drug use to report they had worked for three or more employers in the past year†(Turnover and Absenteeism). Current drug users were also more likely to miss more days of work. According to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (1998), â€Å"estimates by the United States Department of Labor in the mid1990s suggest that drug use in the workplace may cost American business and industry between $75 billion and $100 billion annually in lost time, accidents and higher health-care and worker’s compensation costs† (Economic consequences of drug abuse and trafficking, p. 17, para. 3). School performance is lower for drug users than for non-drug users according to the whitehouse. gov website. The fight against drug abuse is not only in the workforce, schools, and society in the United States, but worldwide. According to Stein (2012), an author for the Los Angeles Times, in one article out of a series of articles they are doing on addiction states that â€Å"about 200 million people around the world use illegal drugs every year† (Stein, 2012). The study contained information regarding four drug categories; opioids, amphetamines, cocaine, and marijuana. The rates of drug users are higher in developed countries. Social factors and the accessibility of drugs also affect the rates. Drug use fell behind tobacco and alcohol use in mortality rates, but when considering the lost years of life drugs rated higher at 2. 1 million, according to Stein (Stein, 2012). Drug trafficking is another problem felt worldwide; according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), â€Å"given the large quantities of licit substances that make their way across oceans and continents every day, in containers and even small boats, maritime trafficking poses a particularly knotty challenge for the authorities†(Executive Summary: Maritime trafficking poses challenge to authorities, para.1). Maritime seizures are usually larger than those seizures of trafficking by road or air (Executive Summary: Maritime trafficking poses challenge to authorities, para. 3). New trafficking routes are being looked for as the old ones are being discovered, causing the authorities to have to step up their efforts in controlling the drug trafficking industry. New drugs are being created daily to not only meet with the demand for them but to help traffickers avoid detection. With this increase of new drugs the number of new narcotics under international control had be increased. With all the drugs and the drug abuse in the United States as well as around the world the need for treatment programs and tactics to fight drug abuse is on the rise. There are five primary treatment models that professional in the field of substance abuse can use: psychoeducational models are used in educating patients about substance abuse, related behaviors and their consequences; skills development groups basically try to teach individuals the skills they will need to maintain a drug free lifestyle.; cognitive-behavioral groups are designed to change the clients thinking patterns; support groups help reinforce the clients’ efforts regarding their thinking and emotions and help them develop better interpersonal skills while in recovery. There are also relapse prevention treatment groups, communal and culturally specific treatment groups, and expressive groups (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment: Group Therapy, 2005). One or all of these types groups may be used in the treatment of substance abuse and in different settings. There are different types of substance abuse facilities available for the treatment of addiction. â€Å"Facilities operated by private, nonprofit organizations account for 58% of treatment facilities. Private, for-profit facilities (29%), and the remaining facilities are operated by local governments (6 percent), state governments (3 percent), Federal Government (2 percent), and tribal governments (1 percent)† (Substance abuse treatment facilities: New data, 2010: Major Findings, para. 1). Programs are also being made available in jails and prisons to help reduce the number of returnees to the prison system. Substance abuse treatments vary in price but can be very expensive although it is believed that the benefits outweigh the costs. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (2012) states that, â€Å"according to several conservative estimates, every dollar invested in addiction treatment programs yields a return of between $4 and $7 in reduced drug-related crime, criminal justice costs, and theft† (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2012: Is drug addiction treatment worth its cost?, para. 2). When healthcare savings are figured in to that savings it can exceed costs by a 12 to 1 ratio, so while the costs may seem great the benefits can be even greater. Family and friends can help addicts find treatment and resources to help pay for the treatment as well as being supportive while they are in treatment (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2012: Is drug addiction treatment worth its cost? ) There are several websites that are available to help obtain the information needed to locate the right treatment facility. The effectiveness of treatment varies depending on the individual and the treatment facility and type. According to NIH, â€Å"research that tracks individuals in treatment over an extended periods, most people who get into and remain in treatment stop using drugs, decrease their criminal activity, and improve their occupational, social, and psychological functioning†(National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2012: How effective is drug addiction treatment? , para 1). Substance abuse affects individuals, family members, friends, and society as a whole. There are astonishing costs related to drug abuse, crimes committed related to drug use and producing drugs, and the cost associated with authorities who fight against drugs. The jails and prisons are overcrowded and the staffs are overworked. Substance abuse is not a problem associated with just the Unites States, but worldwide. There are treatment options and facilities available, although; they can be costly. However, statistics show that the benefits far outweigh the costs in most cases. How to cite Substance Abuse: It’s affect on Individuals, Family, Friends, and Society, Essays